| MODALITY |
must |
B2 |
FORM: WITH ADVERBS
Can use 'must' with an increasing range of adverbs (including 'all', 'never', 'strongly', 'first') in the normal mid position after the modal verb. ► adverbs |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
must |
B2 |
USE: CONCESSIONS
Can use the fixed expression 'I must admit' or 'you must admit' to express concession. |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
must |
B2 |
USE: DEDUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
Can use the perfect form of 'must' to make deductions about the past. |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
must |
B2 |
USE: EMPHASIS
Can use the fixed expression 'I must say' to give emphasis, usually about something positive. |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
must |
B2 |
USE: OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY
Can use 'must' to ask about obligation and necessity. |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
must |
B2 |
USE: RULES
Can use the negative forms of 'must' to talk about what is not permitted. |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
must |
C2 |
FORM: ELLIPSIS
Can use ellipted 'must have' + '-ed' without a subject. ► ellipsis |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
must |
C2 |
FORM: INVERSION
Can invert 'must' and the subject after negative phrases, e.g. 'not only', 'never', 'nor', to change the focus and give prominence/emphasis. |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
must |
C2 |
FORM: PAST, NEGATIVE
Can use 'must not have been' (especially with 'easy'). |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
must |
C2 |
FORM: WITH ADVERBS
Can use 'must' with a wide range of adverbs in the normal mid position after the modal verb. ► adverbs| |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
need |
B2 |
FORM: NEGATIVE
Can use the negative form. |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
need |
B2 |
USE: OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY
Can use 'needn't' to talk about a lack of obligation. |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
need |
C1 |
FORM: PAST, NEGATIVE
Can use 'needn't have' + '-ed'. |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
need |
C2 |
FORM: QUESTIONS
Can use the question form. |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
need |
C2 |
USE: IN DISCUSSION
Can use the question form rhetorically in discussion, typically in formal contexts. |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
ought |
B1 |
FORM: AFFIRMATIVE
Can use the affirmative form. |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
ought |
B1 |
USE: ADVICE
Can use 'ought to' with 'you' to give advice. |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
ought |
B2 |
FORM: ELLIPSIS
Can use 'ought to' without a following verb where the previous main verb is understood. ► ellipsis |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
ought |
B2 |
USE: DESIRED STATES
Can use 'ought to' to talk about desired states of affairs. |
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Details |
| MODALITY |
ought |
C1 |
FORM/USE: DESIRED STATES, WITH 'THERE OUGHT TO BE'
Can use 'there ought to be' to talk about desired states of affairs. |
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Details |
